Consideration Under the Contract Law

Question: Examine about the Consideration Under the Contract Law. Answer: Presentation: The issue for this situation is connected with thought under the agreement law. In such manner, the agreement law gives that components like offer, acknowledgment and thought ought to be available for settling on an understanding between the gatherings legitimately enforceable. Anyway for this situation, Jane was going to give his Lotus Super 7 games vehicle to Jack for nothing in spite of the fact that the market estimation of such a vehicle is around $25,000. Jack has acknowledged the offer made by Jane and thusly the issue emerges if the gatherings have shaped a legitimately enforceable agreement. To make an agreement substantial, or at the end of the day the enforceable, it is required that among different components, thought ought to likewise be available. Each gathering to the agreement ought to give thought in kind of the guarantee got by it. Past thought isn't treated as acceptable thought (Re McArdle, 1951). For this reason, thought is the advantage that hosts been gotten by the gatherings to the agreement. The law likewise gives that past thought is additionally not a decent thought. As indicated by the law, thought can be anything of significant worth and along these lines it ought to be something genuine and not illusionary (Thomas v Thomas, 1842). Thusly, an agreement can be enforceable just on the off chance that it is upheld by a substantial thought. Be that as it may, in the current case, the guarantee made by Jane to give his vehicle to Jack for nothing isn't upheld by any thought. Consequently, it tends to be said that this guarantee can't be implemented by Jack as it isn't upheld by a legitimate thought. Then again if Jane had made a proposal to sell her Lotus Super 7 games vehicle to Jack at a cost of 25,000 and simultaneously, the cost of such a vehicle in the market is likewise around 21,000, the inquiry emerges if this offer has been acknowledged by Jack, is there a substantial and the enforceable agreement between the gatherings. In such a case, the components that are required for making a legitimate agreement like offer, acknowledgment and thought will be available (Atiyah, 1990). Simultaneously, the gatherings have the expectation of making a lawful relationship and the gatherings additionally have the ability to contract. For this situation, if the offer made by Jane is acknowledged by Jack, it very well may be said that all the fundamental components are available. An offer has been made by Jane and it has been acknowledged by Jack. The thought is additionally present for this situation as Jack had acknowledged to follow through on $25,000 as the cost of the vehicle. The la w of agreement necessitates that each gathering to the agreement ought to get the advantage and correspondingly ought to likewise endure a hindrance (White v Bluett, 1853). Along these lines, this advantage or drawback has been called as thought. As for this situation, a legitimate thought has been given, it tends to be said that a substantial agreement is made which can be authorized by the law. Another issue may emerge if Jane makes a proposal to sell the vehicle at a cost of $2500 while truly; the market cost of the vehicle is around $25,000. Thusly it should be thought of if the offer is acknowledged with a money order, is it a legitimate agreement between the gatherings. The issue emerges because of the incredibly low cost of the vehicle when contrasted with its present market esteem. In such cases, it should be noticed that the gatherings have been given the opportunity of agreement and in this way, by and large the courts don't go into the issue of the sufficiency of thought (Beale, 2002). It hosts been surrendered over to the gatherings to choose what ever thought they may regard fit for the guarantee that has been gotten by them. In such manner, it is just necessitated that they ought to be a genuine thought, it ought not be illusionary (Beatson, Burrows and Cartwright, 2010). Thought can be whatever has some an incentive according to law. Thus it isn't necessitated that the thought ought to likewise be satisfactory in spite of the fact that the deficiency of the thought might be utilized by the court to choose the nearness of unconscionability, power or misrepresentation. Along these lines, the gatherings are allowed to choose any thought insofar as it is genuine and legitimate thought (Re Wragg Ltd., 1897). For instance in Chappell v Nestle (1960) it was expressed that even the unfilled coverings may add up to a substantial thought. Chappell Co Ltd v Nestle Co Ltd [1959] UKHL 1 is a noteworthy instance of the English agreement law that manages the issue of thought. For this situation, the conventional tenet has been affirmed by the House of Lords as indicated by which the thought need not be satisfactory yet it should be adequate. For this situation, the copyright for 'Rockin' shoes was claimed by Chappell Co. then again, Nestl organization was giving the records of this melody to the people who sent the coverings of the chocolate bars of the organization. As per the Copyright Act, 1956 it has been referenced that a sovereignty of 6.25% must be followed through on the common retail selling cost. In such manner, it was asserted by this the common retail selling cost of the record was 1s 6d. Then again, it was contended by Chappell Co that the cost ought to be more. Along these lines the inquiry was if the coverings of the chocolate bar can likewise be considered as an incomplete thought for the records. For this situation, it was expressed by the dominant part in the House of Lords that in spite of the fact that the chocolate coverings had unimportant financial worth and eventually they were discarded, yet at the same time they were a piece of the thought for this situation. On these grounds it very well may be said that the cost of $2500 is a legitimate thought regardless of whether the market estimation of the vehicle is around $25,000. While in common language, ampleness and adequacy are considered to have a similar importance however in lawful terms, the term sufficiency is connected with the conditions under which the value that has been paid by an individual for something is unbalanced to the estimation of what has been gotten by such an individual consequently. Consequently, for example, if A has paid $50 as the thought for a house, it very well may be said that plainly, sufficient thought has not been given by A to the house. In any case, in these cases, it is the general assessment of the courts that the estimation of the merchandise and ventures gave under the agreement hosts to be chosen by the gatherings to the agreement themselves and it isn't for the courts to choose the sufficient thought. Because of this position, regardless of whether satisfactory thought is absent in an agreement, it won't have any effect on the legitimacy of the agreement. The thought is expressed to be adequate in the event that it is adequate enough for supporting a straightforward agreement according to law. This necessitates the thought provided by the gathering ought to appreciate some an incentive under the law. There are numerous models where the thought isn't treated as having any genuine incentive according to the legal executive. Accordingly, moral obligation, common love and fondness and supplications are not considered as having a financial worth. The outcome is that these are not rewarded as adequate thought that can bolster the arrangement of a legitimate agreement. In such a case, it may be rehashing the commitment that the promisee is as of now obliged to do. As indicated by the law, a specific thought must be treated as deficient if the offended party has played out an obligation that the offended party was at that point obliged to do. Along these lines it tends to be said with respect to the introduction that the thought of $2500 is satisfactory thought regardless of whether the market estimation of the vehicle is around $25,000. On the grounds of the realities of this case, it very well may be said that the issue is connected with the enforceability of the guarantee made by the purchaser to pay extra US$3 million. For this situation, because of the debasement of the US cash, the shipbuilder is set to endure a misfortune. Subsequently, requests extra US$3 million in any case the development of the boat will be halted. Then again, the purchaser previously had the contract for the big hauler and along these lines it turned out to be noteworthy that the big hauler ought to be conveyed on schedule. Under these conditions, it must be checked whether the purchaser might be effective in recuperating the overabundance sum paid to the shipbuilder. A case with comparative realities is that of Williams v Roffey Bros and Nicholls Contractors) Ltd (1990). For this situation, one gathering had made an agreement with the other for playing out some carpentry work. Anyway the halfway, it turned out to be evident that the other party won't have the option to complete the work on schedule. On the opposite end, the offended party had gone into an agreement with an outsider as indicated by which if the work was not finished on schedule, the offended party was required to take care of a punishment. Hence so as to abstain from taking care of punishment to the outsider, the gathering consented to pay additional cash so the work might be finished on schedule. The concise realities of this case are that the carpentry work for the pads was subcontracted by the litigant to the offended party. Anyway because of the cost chose by the gatherings for the work, monetary challenges were made for the offended party and it got hard for the offended party to finish the work on schedule. These were the conditions when the litigant concurred that extra installment will be made to the offended party for every pads finished on schedule. Anyway later on the respondent wouldn't make these extra installments. Therefore, the offended party sued the litigant for the recuperation of his installment under the first agreement and furthermore under the further understanding made between the gatherings. Nonetheless, it was contended by the litigant that the guarantee of making extra installment was not enforceable as it was not upheld by any thought. The Court expressed that the standard gave for Pinnell's situation isn't pertinent in the situations where the obli gation has emerged because of the arrangement of administrations. In this way the guarantee to play out a current obligation can likewise be treated as acceptable thought if the other party will accomplish down to earth

Eternal Seeds Essay Example For Students

Interminable Seeds Essay The table falsehoods relinquished and disregarded suffocating new pieces of sod. The rankling suns arms work on the rotting paint. The onlyattention it gets is from a settlement of dark ants which invade thecracks and hole. This fragmented wooden table once had a real existence, whenit gave rest under the shadow of an umbrella made of orange treeleaves, where grapefruit pits supplanted ants and banana strips embellished thesurface like a decorative liner. We spent innumerable summer days sitting on this wooden table,seats saved for the two siblings, grandpa and me. These were neverpermanent, and required intermittent turn in dread that my grandpa wouldbreak through the middle and overlay us up inside. The table gave a viewof the whole terrace, starting with the half-vacant pool, to thehalf-overwhelmed encompassing cement. From this post point my youngerbrother reviewed his growing tomato plant and I could oversee mycardboard reptile inn, which gave safe house to lost reptiles. Past its essentialness as a reconnaissance tower and nibble rest,the table had mechanical worth, as the area for our kiteproduction line. Every one of the four of us partook in this action each with adesignated task. Age set up the seating request, and each positionrequired the fruition of an alternate undertaking. Since age best indicatedability, my more youthful sibling accumulated supplies, and broke a new piece ofwood from the chipping in orange tree, showing its branches every day. My other sibling and I, equivalent in age, stayed equivalent in obligation. We held together the branches in a corner to corner shape, while my grandpa, farsuperior in years, protected the pieces with yarn in the most aerodynamicway conceivable. Our table creation line proceeded until the surface became dullfrom its continuous use, and the legs fragmented from the weight forced onits matured back. At the point when seeing the run down table got toooffensive for my folks to help, it was downgraded from the inside ofthe lawn, to a concealed corner jumbled by grown out of baby seats anda rusted swing set. This movement represented our going old enough, andwas settled by its supplanting with another wooden table. The orange tree umbrella has since collapsed up and the kite taken by thejealous twist, yet recollections of the table are as new as the seedseternally caught underneath the wooden boards. Seeds, that will eventuallysprout into new recollections, a living recognition of the table, even afterits demise.

Essay --

CONTACT INFORMATION BIJAN ZARDBANI Address: 19 WOODHOUSE ROAD, DONCASTER EAST, VIC 3109 Email: BIJAN.ZARDBANI@GMAIL.COM Portable: 0423812231 Individual INFORMATION D.O.B: 20/10/1967 Spot OF BIRTH: TEHRAN ( IRAN) CITIZENSHIP: IRAN VISA STATUS: BUSINESS SUBCLASS 163, VALID UNTIL FEB/2018 Sexual orientation: MALE Review Results-Oriented Mechanical Engineer With A Hands-On Approach To Tackling Projects And Accomplishing Goals. Task Manager With18 Years of Experience. Subject matters Include Piping (Steam Pipe And Steam Traps Included), Ducts, Heating, Heatexchangers, Air Conditioning, Supports (Guide), All Equipment And Machinery In Mechanical Room, Hot Water Boiler, Steam Boiler, Dearaitors, Air Washers, Cooling Towers, Air Handling Units And ... Involvement with Electricity, Such As Cabling, Panels, Wiring, High Voltage Cabling And Junctions, High Voltage Panels, Lightning, Cable Trays, EarthingAnd All Electrical And Mechanical That Necessary In Commercial And Industrial Construction. Abilities Complex critical thinking Group administration Specialized critical thinking Functions admirably in differing ...

The doctrine of direct effect has been fundamentally undermined by the Court of Justice - Free Essay Example

Introduction The European Court of Justice (ECJ) devised the direct effect doctrine to give international treaties EU legal effect. The doctrine permits individuals to rely on European law in proceedings taken against EU Member States. This paper discusses selected direct effect cases decided since the seminal ECJ Van Gend en Loos decision to highlight persistent direct effect ambiguities and contradictions. Suggested law reforms are also provided in the Conclusion. Historical Background In Van Gend en Loos, the ECJ determined it did not have jurisdiction to decide whether international law can override domestic law. The Treaty was only intended for interstate compliance; direct effect is contrary to such intention. The ECJ decided that EU treaties must promote a community not only of states but also of persons, [requiring] participation of all persons, with community law [intended] to confer upon individuals any rights which form part of their legal heritage. In Van Gend en Loos, the ECJ explains direct effect principles as (i) subject measure must be clear; (ii) unconditional; (iii) require no additional implementation measures; (iv), State or institutional discretion is not permitted. Directives may have vertical or horizontal effect. Vertical direct effect permits enforcement against a Member State, where horizontal effect is individual citizen enforcement against another. There have been contradictory applications of both the horizontal and vertical direct effect. In Van Duyn, the ECJ found direct effect where the State obligations were sufficiently clear to assessed by a court. In contrast, Ratti provided that a similar directive only operated directly when the implementation date had passed; indirect effect applied to bypass this outcome. Regulations also may have horizontal and direct effects. Their implementation date does not hinder their operation, as Article 288 provides regulations have (i) general application, as (ii) binding and directly applicable in all Member States. This approach is confirmed in Commission v Italy, where regulations were not to be subject to additional implementation requirements. Ambiguous Application of the Doctrine The issue of the legality of horizontal direct effects has attempted to be bypassed in various cases. In Von Colson, the ECJ avoided it by finding that domestic law should be interpreted harmoniously with international law, or as close as reasonably practicable. If application of the law would lead to the substantially the same Directive outcome, the ECJ will look at whether the horizontal direct effect should be allowed, and labelled this the indirect effect. This idea was supported in later cases, for example in Marleasing, where the ECJ decided that domestic laws enacted before or after the Directive would nevertheless require implementation, even if national law does not relate to the Directive and is not enacted to specifically implement it. The doctrine also allows remedies for individuals in situations where a State has not appropriately implemented laws to properly reflect the Directive as the EU intended it to be applied. It is the responsibility of the Member State to certify that its institutions, authorities and court systems are following the rules of the Directive, therefore domestic courts can be sure the laws are applied to reflect their intended meaning. Discerning the intended meaning is difficult, as the ECJ often will not recognise a horizontal effect expressly, only impliedly by permitting a ruling to bypass the intention of the Directive by overriding the conflicting domestic legislation. This means a Directive can disapply a domestic law, permitted in CIA Securities v Signalson, where particular provisions in Belgium were found invalid as they did not properly follow the Directive. Conflicting Judicial Approaches The ECJ has creatively used methods to either ensure the doctrine can be applied. For instance, in the Foster case, the court formulated a reverse vicarious liability decision. This was used to find subsidiaries of the Member State responsible for failures of the domestic legislature, which becomes confusing given that at the same time, a private citizen also does not influence the implementation of a Directive but cannot be found liable. Contrastingly, in Ratti, the ECJ applied estoppel to hold a State liable and obliged to give effect to the Directive appropriately, because if this does not occur, citizens cannot rely on it at a domestic level. The State which does not correctly give effect to it is committing an equitable wrong against individuals. Complications also become evident in Marshall and Defrenne (No 2). In Marshall, the ECJ held a Directive only bind Member States, and invalidated any horizontal direct effect. However, in Defrenne, it held that Article 157, directed a t Member States, could also be applied horizontally against individuals. As mentioned, the Van Duyn case caused ambiguity as the ECJ found that Article 45 could be directly effective yet did not meet the requirement of being unconditional, because the power of the Member States was regulated judicial control. However, since no treaty has ever been found to not be regulated by judicial control, the Van Duyn case therefore removed the limitation of unconditionality. The second requirement of clarity was applied flexibly in Defrenne (No 2), as the court held that Article 157 was directly effective due to its dual meaning, the first being a general interpretation based on a mere aspiration of gender equality, the second being a specific restriction disallowing unequal remuneration in the workforce. The ruling in Marshall has caused the most controversy in recent times, as the court held that Directives will only have a direct effect on Member States and not in litigation between p rivate individuals. However, the ECJ then used various methods to avoid its own ruling, allowing Directives to have a de facto effect with the same outcome. Additionally, the ECJ interprets Member States inconsistently to allow them to be subject to vertically effective Directives in some situations and not others. This was shown in Foster v British Gas, where the court held an authority in any legal form with the duty of providing any public service under control of the State held powers beyond regular rules imposed on individuals and hence would be bound by unimplemented Directives. Recent Commentary Developing from the original restrictions imposed in Van Gend en Loos, various approaches have been adopted by the courts. Academic commentary posits that European law must become less influential and permit domestic courts to have more discretion in the event of conflicting national law, especially if the provisions in question are from local constitutions. To begin, there are established criteria to be met before any EU legislative provision can take a direct effect, which is carried forward from the original decision in Van Gend en Loos. The second point developed from the Marshall case it that the Directives can only legally have a vertical direct effect; the horizontal effect is allowed impliedly on some occasions. Problematically, legislation in Member States do not contain any guiding regulations on these limitations, possibly due to the ongoing inconsistent approach taken by the ECJ. However it should be noted that the first type of restriction has been flexibly applied rec ently and the Van Gend en Loos principles are less strict, while still broadly applied. Considering the doctrine beyond the level of Member States has also led to inconsistencies with application to individual citizens. For example, obligations are often imposed to restrict individuals through use of the de facto horizontal direct effect, such as free-market regulations, although these were never intended by parliament apply to private individuals. The case of Alemo-Herron outlined this problem, where the ECJ addressed a Directive on transferring of undertakings contained in Article 16 of the Charter which permits free formulation of contracts while conducting business. The interpretation under international law overruled that of the domestic application of contractual freedom Academics say this unfair application should be avoided, and greater domestic judicial discretion permitted by mandating a margin to favour local courts who are applying the EU law if the international appl ication will adversely affect fundamental rights. Conclusion The ECJ doctrine of direct effect has applied inconsistently and ambiguously at various times by the Court. These inconsistencies have led to the doctrine being legitimately critiqued as a political tool to strengthen the power of European Union laws over sovereignty in the domestic sphere. It has led to ongoing problems within the judicial system deriving from the criteria of Van Gend en Loos, which saw the ECJ bypass specific discussions by State Representatives stating they did not intend for the Treaty to be distinguished from other international treaties, and did not accept that it should provide rights to citizens to enforce at a domestic level either. There is now apparent ongoing ECJ application of de facto rules that conflict with national legislation, where inconsistent circumventions sanctioned by the ECJ do not uphold the objective of international courts to prevent application of a horizontal effect. By removing the original restrictions on the doctrine, the local c ourt system may be given more discretion to apply provisions fairly between individuals and Member States, and a flexible approach will allow the doctrine to be used for the benefit of both individuals and organisations seeking effective enforcement. Cases CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel Sprl [1996] ECR 1-2202. Costa v. E.N.E.L. [1964] ECR 1141. Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) [1976] ECR 455 Foster and Others v British Gas plc [1990] ECR I-3313. Francovich and Bonifaci v Italy [1991] ECR I-5357. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723 NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen [1963] ECR 1. Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629. Van Duyn v Home Office [1974] ECR 1337. Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891. References Betlem, G. The principle of indirect effect of community law, ERPL, 1995, Vol. 3, Issue 1. Betlem, G. and Nolkaemper, A. Giving Effect to Public International Law and European Community Law before Domestic Courts. A Comparative Analysis of the Practice of Consistent Interpretation, European Journal of International Law, 2003, Vol. 14. Chalmers, D., Davies, G. and Monti, G. European Union Law (2nd ed., Cambridge University Press: 2010). Craig, P. and de Burca, G. European Union Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (5th ed., Oxford University Press: 2011). Mastroianni, R. On the distinction between vertical and horizontal direct effect of derivatives: what role for the principle of equality?, 1999, EPL, Vol. 5, pp. 417-38. Nolkaemper, A. Revisiting Van Gend En Loos, Jean Monnet Working Paper 06/14, New York School of Law, 2014, available online at: https://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/14/documents/JMWP06Nollkaemper.pdf Robin-Olivier, S. The evolution of direct effect in the EU: Stocktaking, problems, projections, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2014, Vol. 12, Issue 1, pp. 165-188, available online at: https://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/1/165.full Sebba, I. The Doctrine of Direct Effect: A Malignant Disease of Community Law. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, 1995, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 35à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"58. Footnotes Ilan Sebba, The Doctrine of Direct Effect: A Malignant Disease of Community Law. Legal Issues of Economic Integration, Vol. 22, Issue 2, 1995, p. 35. Van Gend en Loos, above n 2. Ibid, at [20]. Ibid, at [21]. NV Algemene Transporten Expeditie Onderneming van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen (Van Gend en Loos) [1963] ECR 1. Gerrit Betlem AndrÃÆ' © Nollkaemper, Giving Effect to Public International Law and European Community Law before Domestic Courts. A Comparative Analysis of the Practice of Consistent Interpretation, European Journal of International Law, 2003, Vol. 14, p. 569. Van Duyn v Home Office [1974] ECR 1337. Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629, at para. 23. Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), Article 288. Commission v Italy [1973] ECR 101, at para. 17. Von Colson and Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891. R. Mastroianni, On the distinction between vertical and horizontal direct effect of derivatives: what role for the principle of equality?, EPL, 1999, Vol. 5, p. 417. Marleasing SA v La Commercial de Alimentacion SA [1990] ECR 1-4135 Von Colson, above n 8, at [3]. G. Betlem. The principle of indirect effect of community law, 1995, ERPL, Vol. 3, No. 1. CIA Security International SA v Signalson SA and Securitel Sprl [1996] ECR 1-2202. Foster and Others v British Gas plc [1990] ECR I-3313. Ibid. Publico Ministero v Tullio Ratti [1979] ECR 1629, at para. 23. Marshall v Southampton and South-West Hampshire Area Health Authority (Teaching) [1986] ECR 723. Defrenne v Sabena (No 2) [1976] ECR 455. Van Duyn, above n 8. Ibid. Defrenne, above n 22. Marshall, above n 21. Sophie Robin-Olivier, The evolution of direct effect in the EU: Stocktaking, problems, projections, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 2014, Vol. 12, Issue 1, available online at: https://icon.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/1/165.full Foster, above 18. Paul Craig and Grainne de Burca, EU Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (5th edition: Oxford University Press: 2011), p. 188. Van Gend en Loos, above n 2. Marshall, above n 21. Robin-Oliver, above n 26. Ibid. Case C-426/11 Alemo-Herron and others, July 18, 2013, unreported. Directive 2001/23 of March 12, 2001: approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to the safeguarding of employees rights in the event of transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of undertakings or businesses, 2001 O.J. (L 016). Damian Chalmers, Gareth Davies and Giorgio Monti, European Union Law (2nd ed., Cambridge University Press: 2010), p. 288. Andre Nolkaemper, Revisiting Van Gend En Loos, Jean Monnet Working Paper 06/14, New York School of Law, 2014, available online at: https://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/14/documents/JMWP06Nollkaemper.pdf, p. 5. Ibid, p. 6.

The Importance Of Project Management Competencies And...

The purpose of this study is to analyze the importance of project management competencies to obtain a successful career in the field. The problems addressed in this analysis are to gain an understanding of the project management competencies needed for successful implementation in any industry given. The analysis contributes to research and practice in two ways. The first is the identification and reporting of project management competencies and their importance. Secondly, the analysis proposes a framework that would provide an organization with a system for recruitment, measuring performance, identifying training and development needs of individual employees, and rewarding effective performance for outstanding performers. The analysis†¦show more content†¦Consecutively, it could be defined as the process of achieving objectives by using the combined capabilities of project resources or assets. General management skills can be referred to as a basis for project management. General management is considered a repetitive process, and project management focuses on change and calls for different competencies than that of general management. Competence and Competency are often used interchangeably. Competent comes from the Latin root competere, which means â€Å"to be suitable† and the term is generally used to describe someone who is sufficiently skilled to perform a specified task or to fill a defined position (GAPPS, 2007). In order for any organization to thrive in this lifetime, there needs to be an implementation of project management across the board to be reliable and successful, which makes the profession of great importance. B. Problem Statement According to the Project Management Institute 45% of the projects are deemed failures in various organizations, but these statistics can be inaccurate due to the fact that most companies do not publicly address failures in projects. 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sun chief autobiography notes Essay - 755 Words

Home was Oraibi, the oldest inhabited town in the US. Pueblos Near grand canyon Hopi Indians been there for 800 years Don born 1890 Population 1000 Descendents from cliff dwellers Speak shoshonean Men were short 5-4 Hopi means peaceful people Kiva – underground religious chamber Rain in summer No government or surpreme chief The mans sisters son succeeds Village chief always happy Crier chief makes public decisions Don sun hill kiva group Exogamous and matriliniel Old spider woman who is the salt woman with grandsons Twin gods Corn mother and corn maiden gods Ceremonies are complicated Katcinas- ancestrial spirits Buffalo, butterfly, and eagle dances serious Wowochim ceremony November Soyal- December- don is in it Powamu- feb July†¦show more content†¦ght May 1906 went to rockyford, Colorado Worked 12 hour days for 15c an hour Sept 8 the friendlies were driving the hostilies out Some went to jail at fort wingate In November got news to go to a school in California , riverside He then wanted to be a white man He fell in love with lousie and kept giving her money He caught pneumonia In the dream he chose the wide path Masau’u was chasing him with a giant club Ollie queen is his new best girl lol Stayed in school till 1908 First boat ride in long beach cali Sex with mettie Katcinas cant drink water until midday Had sex with jane but doesn’t want to be with her wants to be with metti Had sex with eva He then fell in love with elsie who was mettie best friend and wants to marry elsie Married mettie Ira and don initiated into the wowochim in November Turn into a man after wowochim ceremony Had sex with eulla Didn’t marry mettie because her mom would be mad since they were related Washed heads with yucca suds Dons new name was Talayesva aka Sitting Tassel The man ceremony is 8 days long He was near 20 when he became a man Part of the Keles Fought his father and placed dirt into his mouth Natsi- twelve arrows or spearheads tied to a stick Hawk priest screeched Yunyaa means come in- women cried out to the hawk priest Hihikispi- something to breathe upon Named tanackmainewa after the soyal ceremony – means shining feathers of the road runner Bow height- awotabi When he became a man he decided not to follow jesus Christ anymoreShow MoreRelatedExploration Of Good And Evil In Rashomon1285 Words   |  6 Pages reflected in Kurosawa’s use of light and dark. 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AZTEC CIVILIZATION Essay Example For Students

AZTEC CIVILIZATION Essay AZTEC CIVILIZATIONThe center of the Aztec civilization was the Valley of Mexico, a huge, oval basin about 7,500 feet above sea level. The Aztecs were formed after the Toltec civilization occurred when hundreds of civilians came towards Lake Texcoco. In the swamplands there was only one piece of land to farm on and it was totally surrounded by more marshes. The Aztec families somehow converted these disadvantages to a mighty empire known as the Aztec Empire. People say the empire was partially formed by a deeply believed legend. As the legend went, it said that Aztec people would create an empire in a swampy place where they would see an eagle eating a snake, while perched on a cactus, which was growing out of a rock in the swamplands. This is what priests claimed they saw when entering the new land. By the year 1325 their capital city was finished. They called it Tenochtitlan. In the capital city, aqueducts were constructed, bridges were built, and chinapas were made. Chinapas were little islands formed by pilled up mud. On these chinapas Aztecs grew their food. The Aztec Empire included many cities and towns, especially in the Valley of Mexico. The early settlers built log rafts, then covered them with mud and planted seeds to create roots and develop more solid land for building homes in this marshy land. Canals were also cut out through the marsh so that a typical Aztec home had its back to a canal with a canoe tied at the door. In the early 1400s, Tenochtitlan joined with Texcoco and Tlacopan, two other major cities in the Valley of Mexico. Tenochtitlan became the most powerful member of the alliance. Montezuma I ruled from 1440 to 1469 and conquered large areas to the east and to the south. Montezumas successors expanded the empire until it extended between what is now Guatemala and the Mexican State of San Luis Potosi. Montezuma II became emperor in 1502 when the Aztec Empire was at the height of its power. In 1519, the Spanish explorer Hernando Cortes landed on the East Coast of Mexico and marched inland to Tenochtitlan. The Spaniards were joined by many of the Indians who were conquered and forced to pay high taxes to the emperor. Montezuma did not oppose Cortes because he thought that he was the God Quetzalcoatl. An Aztec legend said that Quetzalcoatl was driven away by another rival god and had sailed across the sea and would return some day. His return was predicted to come in the year Ce Acatl on the Aztec Calendar. This corresponded to the year 1519. Due to this prediction, Montezuma II thought Quetzalcoatl had returned when Cortes and his troops invaded. He did not resist and was taken prisoner by Cortes and his troops. In 1520, the Aztecs rebelled and drove the Spaniards from Tenochtitlan, but Montezuma II was killed in the battle. Cortes reorganized his troops and resurged into the city. Montezumas successor, Cuauhtmoc, surrendered in August of 1520. The Spaniards, being strong Christians, felt it was their duty to wipe out the temples and all other traces of the Aztec religion. They destroyed Tenochtitlan and built Mexico City on the ruins. However, archaeologists have excavated a few sites and have uncovered many remnants of this society. Language: The Aztec spoke a language called Nahuatl (pronounced NAH waht l). It belongs to a large group of Indian languages, which also include the languages spoken by the Comanche, Pima, Shoshone and other tribes of western North America. The Aztec used pictographs to communicate through writing. Some of the pictures symbolized ideas and others represented the sounds of the syllables. Food: The principal food of the Aztec was a thin cornmeal pancake called a tlaxcalli. .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e , .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e .postImageUrl , .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e , .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e:hover , .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e:visited , .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e:active { border:0!important; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e:active , .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1da23206d17cf88335f9c3e323ecb8e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Reconstruction After Civil War Essay (In Spanish, it is called a tortilla.) They used the tlaxcallis to scoop up foods while they ate or they wrapped the foods in the tlaxcalli to form what is now known as a taco. They hunted for most of the meat in their diet and the chief game animals were deer, rabbits, ducks and geese. The only animals they raised for meat were turkeys, rabbits, and dogs. Arts and Crafts: The Aztec sculptures, which adorned their temples and other buildings, were among the most elaborate in all of the Americas. Their purpose was to please the gods and they attempted to do that in everything they did. Many of the sculptures reflected their perception of their gods and how they interacted in their lives. The most famous surviving Aztec sculpture is the large circular Calendar Stone, which represents the Aztec universe. Religion: Religion was extremely important in Aztec life. They worshipped hundreds of gods and goddesses, each of whom ruled one or more human activities or aspects of nature. The people had many agricultural gods because their culture was based heavily on farming. The Aztecs made many sacrifices to their gods. When victims reached the altar they were stretched across a sacrificial stone. A priest with an obsidian knife cut open the victims chest and tore out his heart. The heart was placed in a bowl called a chacmool. This heart was used as an offer to the gods. If they were in dire need, a warrior would be sacrificed, but for any other sacrifice a normal person would be deemed sufficient. It was a great honor to be chosen for a sacrifice to the gods. The Aztec held many religious ceremonies to ensure good crops by winning the favor of the gods and then to thank them for the harvest. Every 52 years, the Aztec held a great celebration called the Binding up of the Years. Prior to the celebration, the people would let their hearth fires go out and then re-light them from the new fire of the celebration and feast. A partial list of the Aztec gods: CENTEOTL, The corn god. COATLICUE, She of the Serpent Skirt. EHECATL, The god of wind. HUEHUETEOTL, The fire god. HUITZILOPOCHTLI, The war/sun god and special guardian of Tenochtitlan. MICTLANTECUHTLE, The god of the dead. OMETECUHLTI and his wife OMECIHUATL, They created all life in the world. QUETZALCOATL, The god of civilization and learning. TEZCATLIPOCA, The god of Night and Sorcery. TLALOC, The rain god. TONATIUH, The sun god. TONANTZIN, The honored grandmother. XILONEN, Young maize ear, Maize represents a chief staple of the Aztecs. XIPE TOTEC, The god of springtime and re-growth. Aztec dances: The Aztec Dance is known for its special way of expressing reverence and prayer to the supernatural gods of the sun, earth, sky, and water. Originally, the resources accessible to the native Indians were limited, yet they were able to create lively music with the howling of the sea conch, and with rhythms produced by drums and by dried seeds which were usually tied to the feet of the dancers. Summary: Overall, I feel that the Aztec civilization was very advanced. It had a very complex structure in which there were lower class, middle class and upper class peoples. They had a good system of transportation and irrigation through the use of canals. They had a strong warfare system, which was seen by their conquering of many lands. They also had their own language, and their own mathematical system. Their scholars were also very intelligent; they had developed their own system of time measurement and a calendar system that was very accurate.